Arch – Moment And Normal Force Calculation Due To Line Load [A Guide]

Nowadays almost every structural engineer uses FE programs to calculate bending moments, shear, axial and reaction forces and stresses.

However, those programs give us sometimes wrong results due to bugs or wrong user input from our side. Therefore, it’s really important to check the results by hand calculations.

After calculating the reaction and internal forces (bending moment, shear and axial forces) of an arch loaded by a point load in the last tutorial, today, we will load an arch with a line dead load.

We’ll show, step-by-step, how the bending moments, normal, shear and reaction forces are calculated, how the results can be visualized in moment, shear and normal force diagrams and what different static systems of the arch structure exist. All will be shown by examples.

Not much more talk, let’s get started.

🙋‍♀️ What is an arch?

The arch is – statically speaking – a structure that acts mainly in compression which makes it very efficient. However, the flatter – meaning the smaller the rise to span ratio – the more bending moments it takes. The static system of the arch can have different support conditions which are explained further in the following.

We are surrounded by many arches in our daily lives.

Here are 5 examples of structural arches in real life

• Arch bridges
• Supports of a bench
• The supporting structure of a table tennis plate
• Roman Aqueducts
• Masonry arches to span over windows and doors

👆 The static system(s) of the arch structure

The arch structure has a variety of different static systems due to different support and connection conditions.

The beam element can take normal and shear forces, as well as bending moments. The following static systems are used.

Hingeless arch

The hingeless arch is categorized by having 2 fixed supports and no hinged connection. Therefore the static system is indetermined. The fixed supports (a) and (b) take up

• a vertical reaction force $V$
• a horizontal reaction force $H$ and
• a moment reaction $M$

1 Hinged arch

The 1 hinged arch is characterized by having 2 fixed supports and 1 hinged connection. Therefore the static system is indetermined. As the hingeless arch, the fixed supports (a) and (b) of the 1 hinged arch take up

• a vertical reaction force $V$
• a horizontal reaction force $H$ and
• a moment reaction $M$

2 Hinged arch

The 2 hinged arch is still statically indeterminate and characterized by having 2 pin supports and no hinged connection. The pin supports (a) and (b) of the 2 Hinged arch take up

• a vertical reaction force $V$ and
• a horizontal reaction force $H$

3 Hinged arch

The 3 hinged arch is statically determinate and characterized by having 2 pin supports and 1 hinged connection.

Due to its statical determinacy, we can calculate the internal and reaction forces due to equilibrium conditions. The pin supports (a) and (b) of the 3 Hinged arch take up

• a vertical reaction force $V$ and
• a horizontal reaction force $H$

🏢 The static system of the arch applied on real structures

Understanding the static system of a structure is probably one of the hardest parts about statics and structural engineering in the beginning.

From my experience it’s also poorly taught at university and there is very little information about it online as well, isn’t it?

So let’s look at some applied examples.

• The supporting structure of bench panels. I saw this bench while being on a walk. I don’t know about you but learning about structures makes me see only structures and static systems when being out on walks😂. Are you the same? Anyway, i interprete this supporting structure as a 2 Hinged arch because it seems to have some rotational capacity at the supports. But keep in mind that different designers might interpret it differently.

• The supporting structure of a table tennis table. On the same walk i discovered another 2 hinged arch. It can also easily be seen that all of the dead load and other loads of the top plate are transfered as Point loads to the arch.

• Masonry arches are used to span over windows, doors or other openings. In the following case we see that the arch is used to transfer the weight of the wall above and other loads coming from the roof to the columns. I assume that the structural engineer used the static system of a 3 hinged arch.

⬇️ Examples of loading situations

We wanna keep it a bit joyful and realistic in this blog, right? So let’s look at loading scenarios we all can relate to.

🧍 A person sitting and meditating on the table tennis plate – A Point load

Let’s look at the example where a person sits and meditates (🧘‍♂️) on the table tennis plate above one of the columns which is connected to the arch.

Let’s assume that all the weight is transferred through the plate and into the column. And we assume that this person weighs 90 kg.

This weight of 90 kg can directly be translated into 0.883 kN. Now because the yogi sits in a specific point with his butt, the load is concentrated and therefore the 0.883 kN equals a point load which is transferred through the column. This point load can then be applied to the arch.

‍🏋️ The self-weight of a wall on a masonry arch above a window – Line load

So.. walls have a self-weight, right? I guess everyone can image that because nobody would be able to lift up a concrete or masonry wall. In structural engineering we also call this dead load and it’s uniformly distributed in the horizontal direction for horizontal elements.

For the case of the masonry wall from the picture above, the self-weight per $m$ is calculated as

$\mbox{Density} \, \rho \cdot \mbox{Cross-sectional Area A} \,$

The density of masonry is found by googling or by a book like  ($\rho = 2000 \mbox{kg/m}^3$)

The cross-sectional area of the wall is calculated as

$\mbox{Height} \, h \cdot \mbox{Thickness} \, t = 1.5\mbox{m} \cdot 0.4\mbox{m} = 0.6 \mbox{m^2}$

which leads to a line load of

$2000 \mbox{kg/m}^3 \cdot 0.6 \mbox{m}^2 = 11.8 \mbox{kN/m}$

Now, it always helps to translate kN in non-engineering language. $11.8$ kN/m is also, 1223 kg per $m$.

That’s roughly as much as a car – but per meter❗ So for the case of our masonry arch where we have a span of $2m$ the dead load of the wall above is equal to 2 cars🚗.

This line load (kN/m) is now also applied to the 3 hinged arch.

If you want to learn more about how to apply the different loads, then read this article.

🧮 Hand calculation of bending moment, axial and shear forces due to a line load – arch

Now in order to design the thickness and material properties of the masonry arch the forces and moments acting in the arch need to be calculated.

In general, statically determinate structures such as the cantilever, simply supported beam or the 3 hinged arch need to fullfill three equilibrium conditions:

• Horizontal equilibrium $\sum H = 0$: The sum of all horizontal loads and reactions is 0.
• Vertical equilibrium $\sum V = 0$: The sum of all vertical loads and reactions is 0.
• Moment equilibrium $\sum M = 0$: The sum of all moments is 0.

Okay – so let’s have a look again at the static system and the line load we’re gonna look at.

1.The first thing we always calculate in determinate structures are the reaction forces/moment. In our case that is $V_a, H_a$ at support (a) and $V_b, H_b$ at support (b) due to the equilibrium conditions.

Compared to the point load, we now do have a symmetric loading (and as you can see a symmetric geometry of the arch).

Therefore, we can assume that the reaction forces at supports (a) and (b) are the same.

To calculate the vertical reaction forces $V_a$ and $V_b$ we use the vertical equilibrium conditions and set $V_a$ = $V_b$.

To simplify the vertical equilibrium calculation, the line load is calculated as the resulting point load by multiplication of its length.

$\sum V = 0: V_a + V_b – 27.36kN = 0$

As we said, $V_a$ = $V_b$ and therefore

$V_a = V_b = \frac{27.36}{2} kN = 13.68kN$

To calculate the horizontal reaction forces $H_a$ and $H_b$ we use moment equilibrium in the top point (c).

The line load is again simplified as a resulting point load. However this time it is multiplied by only half of the length of the arch.

$\sum M = 0: M_c – V_a \cdot 1m + H_a \cdot 0.5m + 13.67kN \cdot 0.56m = 0$

$M_c$ = 0 and $H_a$ is the only unknown in this equation and can therefore be derived.

$H_a = V_a \cdot \frac{1.0m}{0.5m} – 13.67kN \cdot \frac{0.56m}{0.5m}= 12.05 kN$

Horizontal equilibrium:

$\sum H = 0: H_a – H_b = 0$ –> $H_a = H_b = 12.05kN$

2. Calculation of the shear, normal and moment distribution along the arch due to the reaction forces and external forces.

The parameter x is introduced as the length between point (a) and any point on the arch.

There is 2 ways to calculate the length of the arch

• by mathematical formulas or
• by a CAD program

We choose the second option because it speeds up things a little bit.

3. The shear forces and bending moments can be calculated in dependence of x and the angle $\alpha$ which can be seen in the next picture.

Let’s make a first cut at a point between the support (a) and the hinged connection, 0<x<1159.12 mm. As already mentioned, the dimension 1159.12 mm is calculated in a CAD program.

As for the reaction force calculation, the equilibrium conditions are used to calculate the moment and shear forces at point x but this time not in the horizontal or vertical direction but rather in the normal and shear force directions.

This means that we split up the reaction forces and the resultant of the line load in the normal and shear force direction.

Normal force

$\sum N = 0: N_x + H_a \cdot cos(\alpha) + V_a \cdot  sin(\alpha) – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot sin(\alpha)= 0$

$N_x = -H_a \cdot cos(\alpha) – V_a \cdot  sin(\alpha) + 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot sin(\alpha)$

$N_x = -12.05kN \cdot cos(\alpha) – 13.68kN \cdot  sin(\alpha) + 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot sin(\alpha)$

Shear force

$\sum V = 0: -H_a \cdot sin(\alpha) + V_a \cdot  cos(\alpha) – V_x  – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot cos(\alpha) = 0$

$V_x = -H_a \cdot sin(\alpha) + V_a \cdot  cos(\alpha) – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot cos(\alpha)$

$V_x = -12.05kN \cdot sin(\alpha) + 13.68kN \cdot  cos(\alpha) – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot cos(\alpha)$

Bending moment

For the bending moment calculation, it’s easier to use the horizontal and vertical distances, which we call $x_{hor}$ and $x_{vert}$.

Additionally, the lever arm of the resultant $x_{arm}$ of the line load to the moment is calculated as the horizontal projected distance of half $x$.

I know this is impossible to understand, let’s draw up a sketch that explains it 1000 times better.

$\sum M = 0: M_x  – V_a \cdot x_{hor} + H_a \cdot x_{vert} + 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot x_{hor}/2 = 0$

$M_x = V_a \cdot x_{hor} – H_a \cdot x_{vert} – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot x_{hor}/2$

$M_x = 13.68kN \cdot x_{hor} – 12.05kN \cdot x_{vert} – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot x_{hor}/2$

Now that we have the formulas, we can calculate the internal forces for as many points (x) on the arch as we want.

Let’s do the calculation for 4 specific points which have the following dimension parameters.

$x$ [mm]	$x_{hor}$ [mm]	$x_{vert}$ [mm]	$\alpha$ [°]	$x_{arm}$ [mm]
289.75	199.04	209.67	39.87	105.6
579.5	440.93	368.01	26.58	242.0
869.25	712.72	466.54	13.29	397.33
1159	1000	500.0	0	559.07

We calculate the internal forces for the first point as

Normal force

$N_{289.75mm} = -12.05kN \cdot cos(39.87°) – 13.68kN \cdot  sin(39.87°) + 11.8kN/m \cdot 289.75mm \cdot sin(39.87°)$
$N_{289.75mm} = -15.83kN$

Shear force

$V_{289.75mm} = -12.05kN \cdot sin(39.87°) + 13.68kN \cdot  cos(39.87°) – 11.8kN/m \cdot 289.75mm \cdot cos(39.87°)$
$V_{289.75mm} = 0.15kN$

Bending moment

$M_{289.75mm} = 13.68kN \cdot x_hor – 12.05kN \cdot x_vert – 11.8kN/m \cdot x \cdot x_{arm}$

$M_{289.75mm} = -0.165kNm$

Calculating the other internal forces with the same formula leads to the following values.

$x$ [mm]	$N_{x}$ [kN]	$V_{x}$ [kN]	$M_{x}$ [kNm]
289.75	-15.8	0.15	-0.165
579.5	-13.8	0.73	-0.06
869.25	-12.51	0.56	0.05
1159	-12.05	0.004	0.009

Now the bending moment at the top $x = 1159mm$ is almost 0 and that is another indication that we calculated correctly because moments are always 0 in hinges.

We could do much more calculations of internal forces at different points and the more we do, the more accurate the internal force diagrams would look.

👨‍🏫 Bending moment, normal and shear force diagrams – Arch with Line load

The diagrams can be plotted by a tool like Excel using the formulas from above or drawn by hand when one is aware of the geometrical shape of the distribution.

Normal force diagram – Line load – Arch

Shear force diagram – Line load – Arch

Bending moment diagram – Point load – Arch

🔎 Conclusion

Now in this blog post we only covered the moments, shear and normal forces due to a dead line load.

However, there are other loads which can be applied on the arch in different ways. Those loads are

• snow load
• wind load
• live load
• point loads

Once the internal forces due to those loads are calculated, the results are combined in load combinations and the design of the element can be done.

In our case, that is the concrete and rebar design of the arch.

Now I would like to hear from you: What arch structures have you already seen in real life? Let us know in the comments below📝